Emotions can adversely influence our investment decisions and lead to irrational behaviour, according to a new study by Franklin Templeton Investments.
Many a time, one's emotional response is so instantaneous that one is unaware it is even occurring. And experts say a small little part of our brain called the amygdala may play a key role in our bad decisions.
It functions as the brain's early warning system, sending out messages of fear and anxiety to raise the alert of imminent trouble. This may cause us to regard negativity and pessimism as accurate.Understanding our emotional state and putting plans in place before emotions take over can help prevent poor investment decisions. The Franklin Templeton Investments report found five common mistakes made by investors, which can be easily avoided:
Loss aversion
This refers to the deep pain investors feel upon taking a loss and the lengths to which they will go to avoid that pain.
A study by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky found that between a certain loss of US$3,000 (S$3,675), and an 80 per cent chance of losing US$4,000 and 20 per cent chance of losing nothing, more than 90 per cent of investors polled picked the latter, even though statistically it was the riskier proposition.
Since the global financial crisis- led market meltdown in 2008, many investors have been reluctant to buy equities out of loss aversion. They have preferred to remain in low-yielding vehicles that may deliver a negative real return after inflation.
Holding on to the past
Stock markets reflect the tendency of investors to anchor expectations to a given price. For example, a stock will typically trade for a while within a given range, then trend up or down to a new anchor level and trade within that new range.
Investors adjust expectations to the altered price, which is why overly sharp gains or losses provoke discomfort.
The sensitivity shown to price changes may be largely the result of memory for prices paid in the past, and not at all a reflection of true preferences or level of demand.
Following the crowd
A modern example of how the herd mentality can go seriously wrong is the dot.com phenomenon of 2000.
While the significance of the Internet was real and enduring, many of the companies into which investors poured their money were neither.
So, following the crowd can be a precursor to market bubbles, as what begins as a natural inclination to join in the growth path of a company can end in losses as the euphoria of explosive price increases causes investors to lose their sense of judgment.
Availability bias
Rather than analysing all the relevant information, investors tend to rely on whatever data is most recent or emotionally charged.
This can cause them to overreact to market conditions, whether positive or negative, or invest in a stock simply because it has been heavily covered by the media.
Mental accounting
Many investors practise mental accounting when they lock in certain assets for retirement, maintaining somewhat greater liquidity for controlled wealth accumulation, or allocating a smaller sum for high risk-high reward investments.
However, this compartmentalising means investors may also take unwarranted risks with their own money, or may be overly cautious with an inheritance.
Risks in doing business:
It is important to stress that all businesses involve risk; hence the
selection of shares is also a risky business. This is not the same
order of risk as may be involved in going to the casino or betting on
the four digits which in 90-99 % or even more of the cases, results in
the patron losing his money, if not his pants.
Picking winning stocks means that we pick the companies that can meet
the constant challenges of competition, supply and demand, change of
fashion and style design, obsolete stocks write off, etc. There are also
unforeseen factors such as variation in interest rates, import and
export restriction, foreign exchange variation, change in Government
regulations, etc. Inclement weather such as flooding affects production
as we have seen in Bangkok so that even the most well run of companies
such as Toyata and Honda cannot escape it.
Best form of investment
In my view, stocks are the best form of investment. They are tax
free, have no management problem, and you can reduce or liquidate all
your holdings at any time. There is a classical saying in the market -
“You can buy the winning horse after the race”. This means that you can
still buy a good share after the company has announced its profit.
This does not mean that stocks are entirely risk-free
Fundamentals of Stock Selection
The basic fundamentals for share selection are P/E ratio, NTA, Revenue, cash flow etc. How important are these factors?
The most important criterion is profit growth prospect. Never buy any
share if the company cannot make increasing profits. You must buy
shares that Fund managers are interested. They are the movers and
shakers. Do not buy too much of illiquid shares because it is cheap. It
is cheap for some reasons which may keep it at basement prices.
The main reasons why share prices go up include the following:
a. Exceptionally good profit growth prospect
b. Fund managers must be interested, liquidity, publicity etc.
c. Dividends are an important catalyst for moving share prices up
d. Unexpected good news of profit, bonus issues etc. will push up share prices.
When to Sell
When to sell? Do not worry about the daily share price fluctuation if
you have a target price. Quite often the share you hold can move up
rapidly and continues to go up. You must remember that no share can go
up indefinitely for whatever reason. Sell when you are not willing to
buy at the price or the reason to buy is no longer valid. Remember you
must sell so that you can have funds to buy back during correction. If
the fundamentals have not changed, the share price will go up again.
What to Buy
After having seen so many unexpected surprises in the stock market, I
consider the safest shares to invest are undervalued oil palm shares.
The reasons are:-
a. The production cost for CPO is about Rm 1,300 per ton and the
average selling price has been more than double the production cost in
the last 10 years or more. The average CPO price for 2011 is more than
Rm 3,000 per ton. Which business can offer such big profit margins?
b. The demand and profit are sustainable due to population increase.
Moreover, both China and India who are our buyers have been improving
their economy. The financial problem in Eurozone and US has little or no
effect on our palm oil market.
c. A palm tree will start fruiting after 3 years. It will continue to
bear more fruits until it is about 16 years old after that age it will
begin to bear less fruits. Only after about 22 years a palm tree needs
replanting.
d. The land always appreciates in value.
e. There is good profit growth prospect and sustainable profit
I am obliged to tell you that plantation shares form the major part
of my investment portfolio. If you decide to buy, I am not responsible
for your profit or your loss.
How to become a super investor?
I started serious investing in public listed shares when I retired
from executive work at 50 years old. I was not an accountant nor have I a
MBA degree. I was just a civil engineer and I hardly knew how to read a
balance sheet at that time.
I started by reading to understand the basic fundamental principles
of share selection as practiced by Warren Buffet, Peter Lynch and other
great investment gurus. These are the key traits to being a super
investor that I picked up.
Trait 1: Be a contrarian investor, that is, the ability to buy stocks
while others are panicking and sell stocks while others are euphoric.
In 1983 when China declared that they wanted to take back Hong Kong, the
people were selling as if there was no tomorrow because the Communists
were coming. The Hang Seng Index plunged to about 700. Currently it is
around 18,500.
In such a situation at that time, would you buy Hong Kong shares? I did.
Trait 2: Obsession in playing the game and wanting to win. Winning
investors don’t just enjoy investing; they live it. They wake up in the
morning and the first thing they think about, while they are still half
asleep, is a stock they have been researching. They are thinking about
selling, or what the greatest risk to their portfolio is and how they
are going to neutralize that risk.
They are obsessed in enhancing the value of their holdings. I am that way.
Trait 3: The willingness to learn from past mistakes. Most people
would much rather just move on and ignore the dumb things they’ve done
in the past. I believe the term for this is repression. But if you
ignore mistakes without fully analyzing them, you will undoubtedly make a
similar mistake later in your career.
Trait 4: An inherent sense of risk based on common sense. Most people
believe analysts’ reports which are often ‘a buy’ recommendation. It is
very seldom they recommend ‘a sell’ because they would lose the
business from the company he has recommended ‘a sell’. You must always
take any analyst report with a pinch of salt.
I believe the greatest risk control is common sense which is not so common sometimes.
Trait 5: Confidence: Great investors must have confidence in their
own convictions and stick with them, even when facing criticism. Buffett
never got into the dot-com mania though he was being criticized
publicly for ignoring technology stocks. He stuck to his guns when
everyone else was abandoning the value investing ship. He was proven
right when the dot com bubble bust.
Trait 6: Clear thinking. When considering a share, you must try to
understand the nature of the company’s business and its inherent
difficulties so that you can evaluate your risk exposure. There are a
lot of people who have genius IQs who cannot think clearly, though they
can figure out bond or option pricing in their heads.
Trait 7: And finally the most important, and rarest, trait of all is
the ability to live through volatility without changing your investment
thought process. This is almost impossible for most people to do. When
the market makes a severe correction, most people dare not buy more
shares to average down or to put any money into stocks at all when the
market is plunging. They would begin to doubt their own judgement.
Wishing you a season of happy and profitable investing!
Koon Yew Yoon is a prominent civil society leader and one of the founders of IJM Corp. He also reads Malaysia Chronicle.






















